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Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve
Dorsal Surface of Foot
extensor digitorum brevis upper anterolateral calcaneus middle & distal phalanges of toes #2-#4 (via EDL & extensor expansion) extension of toes #2-#5 deep peroneal (fibular) nerve (L5, S1)
extensor hallucis brevis upper anterolateral calcaneus distal phalanges of big toe (via EHL & extensor expansion) extension of big toe at MTP; dorsiflexion & inversion of foot deep peroneal (fibular) nerve (L5, S1)
Plantar Surface of Foot
Layer 1
abductor hallucis calcaneal tuberosity, flexor retinaculum & plantar aponeurosis base of proximal phalanx of big toe (medial plantar side) abduction of big toe (primary action) medial plantar nerve (S1, S2)
abductor digiti minimi (foot) calcaneal tuberosity, flexor retinaculum & plantar aponeurosis base of proximal phalanx of little toe (lateral plantar side) abduction of little toe (primary action) lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)
abductor ossis metatarsi quinti fibers of the abductor digiti minimi muscle 5th metatarsal (tuberosity) abducts 5th ray lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)
flexor digitorum brevis calcaneal tuberosity & plantar aponeurosis base of middle phalanges of toes #2-#5 (tendon splits near insertion) flexion of toes #2-#5 medial plantar nerve (S1, S2)
Layer 2
quadratus plantae medial & lateral calcaneus flexor digitorum longus tendon (lateral margin) flexion of distal phalanxes (2nd-5th toes) lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)
lumbricals (foot) Flexor digitorum longus (1st: medial aspect of tendon to 2nd toe; 2nd-4th: two heads between tendons in which they lie) tendon of extensor digitorum longus & extensor expansion (on the dorsal medial side) extension of toes 2-5 (at PIP & DIP joints); flexion of toes 2-5 (at MTP joints) 1st lumbrical: medial plantar nerve (S1, S2, S3); 2nd-4th lumbricals: lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2, S3)
Layer 3
flexor digiti minimi (foot) base of 5th metatarsal & distal of peroneus longus base of proximal phalanx of little toe (5th toe) flexion of little toe (at MTP joint) lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
flexor hallucis brevis cuboid (medial side) & lateral cuneiform base of proximal phalanx of big toe (medial & lateral sides) flexion of big toe (at MTP joint) medial plantar nerve (S1, S2)
adductor hallucis oblique head: base of 2nd-4th metatarsals & distal tendon of peroneus longus; transverse head: deep transverse metatarsal ligament & plantar ligaments at MTP joints base of proximal phalanx of big toe (lateral aspect) adduction of big toe (at MTP joint); flexion of hallux (at MTP joint) lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
Layer 4
dorsal interossei (foot) from both metatarsals between which they lie base of proximal phalanx closest to axis of foot (2nd ray) abduction of toes 2-4 (at MTP); flexion toes 2-4 (at MTP) lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
plantar interossei medial aspect of 3rd-5th metatarsals (each muscle has a single head) medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of same ray (of 3rd-5th rays) adduction of toes 3-5 (at PIP & DIP joints); flexion of toes 3-5 (at MTP joints), extension of toes 3-5 (at PIP & DIP joints) lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3

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