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Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Action
Nerve
Superficial layer
pronator teres
humeral head: medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon
ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna
lateral radius at middle of shaft (pronator tuberosity)
pronation of forearm; flexion of elbow (weak action)
median nerve (C6, C7)
flexor carpi radialis
medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon
base of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals
flexion of hand at wrist; radially deviation (abduction) of wrist; flexion & pronate of forearm (weak action)
median nerve (C6, C7)
palmaris longus
medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon
flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis
flexion of hand at wrist
median nerve (C7,C8)
flexor carpi ulnaris
humeral head: medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon; ulnar head: medial aspect of olecranon & proximal 2/3 of posterior ulna
pisiform & hamate bones (via pisohamate ligament); base of 5th metacarpal (via pisometacarpal ligament)
flexion of hand at wrist; ulnar deviation (adduction) of wrist; elbow flexion (weak action); stabilizes wrist to permit powerful thumb motion
ulnar nerve (C7, C8)
brachioradialis
lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
styloid process of radius (lateral side)
flexion of forearm (at elbow); pronation of forearm when supinated; supination of forearm when pronated
radial nerve (C5, C6)
Intermediate layer
flexor digitorum superficialis
humeral-ulnar head: medial epicondyle via common flexor tendon & coronoid process of ulna; medial (ulnar) collateral ligament
radial head: oblique line of radius along its upper anterior boarder
base of middle phalanges of fingers #2-5 (tendon split at insertion)
flexion of fingers #2-5 (at PIP & MCP); flexion of wrist& hand; flexion of elbow (weak action)
median nerve (C7, C8, T1)
Deep layer
flexor digitorum profundus
anterior & medial surface of ulna (proximal 1/2) & interosseous membrane
base of distal phalange of fingers #2-5
flexion of fingers (at DIP, PIP & MCP joints); flexion of wrist
median nerve (C8,T1) (radial 1/2 of muscle); ulnar nerve (C8, T1) (ulnar 1/2 of muscle)
flexor pollicis longus
radius (middle anterior surface) & interosseous membrane (may also originate from lateral boarder of coronoid process or medial epicondyle)
base of distal phalanx of thumb (anterior aspect)
flexion of thumb (IP, CMC, MCP joints); flexion of hand at wrist
median nerve (C7, C8)
supinator
lateral epicondyle of humerus & supinator crest of ulna
proximal 1/3 of radius
supination of forearm (at proximal radioulnar joint)
radial nerve (C6, C7)
pronator quadratus
anterior distal ulna (distal 1/4)
anterior distal radius (distal 1/4)
pronation of forearm
median nerve (C7, C8)
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Action
Nerve
Superficial layer
anconeus
lateral epicondyle of humerus
posterior ulna (lateral olecranon extending to lateral part of ulna)
extension of forearm at elbow; supports elbow when in full extension
radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)
brachioradialis
upper lateral supracondylar ridge
Base of the styloid process of radius
flexion of forearm at elbow; supination of a pronated forearm to neutral; pronation of a supinated forearm to neutral
radial nerve (C5, C6)
extensor carpi radialis longus
lower lateral supracondylar ridge (below brachioradialis)
base of 2nd metacarpal
extension of hand at wrist; radially deviation (abduction) of hand at wrist; flexion & supination of forearm at elbow (weak action)
radial nerve (C5, C6)
extensor carpi radialis brevis
lateral epicondyle via common extensor tendon
base of 3rd metacarpal
extension of hand at wrist; radial deviation (abduction) of hand at wrist; flexion of forearm at elbow joint (weak action)
radial nerve (C7, C8)
extensor digitorum
lateral epicondyle of humerus (via common extensor tendon)
phalanges #2-5 (dorsal expansion hood)
extension of fingers #2-5 (at MCP, PIP & DIP joints); extension of hand at wrist; extension of forearm at elbow (weak)
radial nerve (C7, C8)
extensor digiti minimi
lateral epicondyle of humerus (via common extensor tendon)
middle & distal phalanges of 5th digit (extensor expansion)
extension of little finger (5th digit); extension of hand at wrist; extension of elbow (weak action)
radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)
extensor carpi ulnaris
humeral head: lateral epicondyle (via common extensor tendon); ulnar head: posterior shaft of ulna
base of 5th metacarpal (posterior side)
ulnar deviation of hand at wrist; extension of hand at wrist; extension of forearm at elbow (weak action)
radial nerve (C6, C7, C8)
Deep Layer
abductor pollicis longus
posterior surfaces of ulna, radius & interosseous membrane (middle 1/3 of forearm)
base of 1st metacarpal (lateral side)
abduction of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint; radially deviation (abduction) hand at wrist; assists with extension & rotation of thumb; assists with flexion & supination of hand at wrist
radial nerve (C7, C8)
extensor pollicis brevis
posterior distal 1/3 surfaces of radius & interosseous membrane
base of proximal phalanx of thumb
extension of proximal phalanx & 1st metacarpal of thumb; radially deviation (abduction) of hand at wrist
radial nerve (C7, C8)
extensor pollicis longus
posterior middle 1/3 of ulna & interosseous membrane
distal phalanx of thumb
extension of thumb (at CMC, MCP, IP joints); assists in extension & radial deviation (abduction) of hand at wrist
radial nerve (C7, C8)
extensor indicis
posterior distal 1/3 of ulna & interosseous membrane
base of middle & distal phalanx of index finger (via extensor expansion & extensor digitorum muscle tendon)
extension of index finger (at MCP, PIP & DIP joints); extension of hand at wrist; adduction of index finger (weak)
radial nerve (C7, C8)
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Action
Nerve
Superficial Palmar Fascia
palmaris brevis
flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis
skin of ulnar border of palm
tenses skin on ulnar side (used in a grip action)
ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
Thenar Eminence
abductor pollicis brevis
tubercles of scaphoid & trapezium (also flexor retinaculum)
base of proximal phalanx of thumb (lateral side)
abduction of thumb (at CMC joint)
median nerve (C8, T1)
flexor pollicis brevis
trapezium & flexor retinaculum
base of proximal phalanx of thumb (lateral side)
flexion of thumb (at MCP joint)
median & ulnar nerves (C8, T1)
opponens pollicis
flexor retinaculum & trapezium
1st metacarpal (anterior lateral border)
opposition of thumb to fingers
median nerve (C8, T1)
Hypothenar Eminence
abductor digiti minimi (hand)
pisiform & tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris
base of proximal phalanx of little finger (ulnar side)
abduction of little finger (at CMC & MCP)
ulnar nerve (C8,T1)
flexor digiti minimi (hand)
flexor retinaculum & hook of hamate
base of proximal phalanx of little finger (ulnar side)
flexion of little finger (at MCP joint)
ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
opponens digiti minimi
flexor retinaculum & hook of hamate
5th metacarpal (anterior & medial surface)
opposition of little finger
ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
Central Compartment of Hand
adductor pollicis
oblique head: base of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals & capitate; transverse head: 3rd metacarpal (distal anterior 2/3)
base of proximal phalanx of thumb (medial side)
adduction of thumb (CMC joint); flexion of thumb (MCP joint)
ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
lumbricals (hand)
distal tendons of flexor digitorum profundus; #1 & #2 have a single head of origin (from radial aspect of tendon); #3 & #4 have two heads of origin (each head from an adjacent tendon)
extensor expansion hood of digits 2-5
flexion fingers (MCP joints); extension of fingers (PIPs & DIP)
1 & 2 - median nerve (C8, T1); 3 & 4 - ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
palmar interossei
metacarpals #2, #4 & #5
base of proximal phalanx of digit #2, #4, #5 & extensor hood of same digit(s)
adduction of fingers (hint: PAD); flexion of fingers (at MCP while IP joints are extended)
ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
dorsal interossei (hand)
between each metacarpal
base of proximal phalanx of fingers #2, #3, #4 & extensor hood of same digit(s)
abduction of fingers (hint: DAB); flexion of fingers (MCP while IP joints are extended)
ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
(c)Dr. Nikita Vizniak. All Rights Reserved In order to use these tables as a learning tool, you will need to have JavaScript enabled.
These muscle tables are often slightly different than those found in the muscle manual and other texts to allow students learning to realize there are subtle differences in anatomical variation and nomenclature ultimate allowing you to be more aware of real life presentation – after 15 years and over 400 cadaver dissections this author is always amazed at the differences found in the human body every time we are in the cadaver lab – all text books and videos are only accurate to a point!